An electric motor’s speed, direction, torque, and brakes can all be controlled by a motor controller integrated circuit (IC). It usually serves as an interface between a microcontroller and power components like MOSFETs, managing tasks like fault protection, commutation (particularly for BLDC or PMSM motors), PWM generation, and current sensing. Depending on the kind of motor, these ICs can be 3-phase gate drivers for BLDC motors (e.g., DRV8301) or H-bridge drivers for brushed DC motors (e.g., L293D). They enable accurate and effective motor control and are widely utilized in robotics, electric cars, drones, and industrial automation.